Transcriptome analysis revealed detoxification gene expression changes in Tetranychus cinnabarinus challenged with ethyl oleate.

Natural acaricides are potential biorational mite control alternatives to conventional chemical acaricides. However, little is known about the molecular mechanism of defense response to natural acaricides in mites. We previously reported significant acaricidal properties of ethyl oleate (EO) against Tetranychus cinnabarinus (here referred to as a sibling species of two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae), a highly polyphagous pest devastating crops in fields and greenhouses worldwide. In this study, we explored the molecular responses of T. cinnabarinus exposed to EO using RNA-Seq and differentially expressed gene (DEG) analysis. A total of 131, 185, and 154 DEGs were identified in T. cinnabarinus after 1, 6, and 24 h of EO treatment. In addition, 36 putative detoxification-related DEGs, including 10 cytochrome P450s (P450s), three glutathione S-transferases (GSTs), nine UDP-glycosyltransferases (UGTs), eight esterases (ESTs), and six ATP-binding cassette transporters (ABC transporters), were identified. Interestingly, the upregulation of these detoxification-related genes might be the main defense response of T. cinnabarinus exposed to EO. A quantitative real-time PCR analysis indicated that the expression profiles of 19 random DEGs were consistent with the RNA-Seq results. These findings serve as valuable information for a better understanding of the acaricide-mite interaction and molecular mechanisms involved in the defense response of T. cinnabarinus against EO.

Identification and expression profile of odorant-binding proteins in the parasitic wasp Microplitis pallidipes using PacBio long-read sequencing.

Microplitis pallidipes Szépligeti (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) is an important parasitic wasp of second and third-instar noctuid larvae such as the insect pests Spodoptera exigua, Spodoptera litura, and Spodoptera frugiperda. As in other insects, M. pallidipes has a chemosensory recognition system that is critical to foraging, mating, oviposition, and other behaviors. Odorant-binding proteins (OBPs) are important to the system, but those of M. pallidipes have not been determined. This study used PacBio long-read sequencing to identify 170,980 M. pallidipes unigenes and predicted 129,381 proteins. Following retrieval of possible OBP sequences, we removed those that were redundant or non-full-length and eventually cloned five OBP sequences: MpOBP2, MpOBP3, MpOBP8, MpOBP10, and MpPBP 429, 429, 459, 420, and 429 bp in size, respectively. Each M. pallidipes OBP had six conserved cysteine residues. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the five OBPs were located at different branches of the phylogenetic tree. Additionally, tissue expression profiles indicated that MpOBP2 and MpPBP were mainly expressed in the antennae of male wasps, while MpOBP3, MpOBP8, and MpOBP10 were mainly expressed in the antennae of female wasps. MpOBP3 was also highly expressed in the legs of female wasps. Temporal profiles revealed that the expression of each M. pallidipes OBP peaked at different days after emergence to adulthood. In conclusion, we identified five novel odorant-binding proteins of M. pallidipes and demonstrated biologically relevant differences in expression patterns.

Title: Identification et profil d'expression des protéines de liaison aux odeurs chez la guêpe parasite Microplitis pallidipes à l'aide du séquençage à lecture longue PacBio. Abstract: Microplitis pallidipes Szépligeti (Hymenoptera : Braconidae) est une importante guêpe parasite des larves de noctuelles de deuxième et troisième stades telles que les insectes ravageurs Spodoptera exigua, Spodoptera litura et Spodoptera frugiperda. Comme d'autres insectes, M. pallidipes possède un système de reconnaissance chimiosensoriel, essentiel à la recherche de nourriture, à l'accouplement, à la ponte et à d'autres comportements. Les protéines de liaison aux odeurs (PLO) sont importantes pour le système, mais celles de M. pallidipes n'ont pas été déterminées. Cette étude a utilisé le séquençage à lecture longue PacBio pour identifier 170 980 unigènes de M. pallidipes et prédit 129 381 protéines. Après la récupération des séquences de PLO possibles, nous avons supprimé celles qui étaient redondantes ou pas de pleine longueur et avons finalement cloné cinq séquences de PLO, MpOBP2, MpOBP3, MpOBP8, MpOBP10 et MpPBP, respectivement de taille 429, 429, 459, 420 et 429 pb. Chaque PLO de M. pallidipes avait six résidus de cystéine conservés. L'analyse phylogénétique a révélé que les cinq PLO étaient situés à différentes branches de l'arbre phylogénétique. De plus, les profils d'expression tissulaire ont indiqué que MpOBP2 et MpPBP étaient principalement exprimés dans les antennes des guêpes mâles, tandis que MpOBP3, MpOBP8 et MpOBP10 étaient principalement exprimés dans les antennes des guêpes femelles. MpOBP3 était également fortement exprimé dans les pattes des guêpes femelles. Les profils temporels ont révélé que l'expression de chaque PLO de M. pallidipes culminait à différents jours après l'émergence à l'âge adulte. En conclusion, nous avons identifié cinq nouvelles protéines de liaison aux odeurs de M. pallidipes et démontré des différences biologiquement pertinentes dans les profils d'expression.

Diagnostic performance of Neutrophil CD64 index, procalcitonin, and C-reactive protein for early sepsis in hematological patients.

BACKGROUND: Patients with hematological diseases are immunosuppressed due to various factors, including the disease itself and treatments, such as chemotherapy and immunotherapy, and are susceptible to infection. Infections in these patients often progress rapidly to sepsis, which is life-threatening. AIM: To evaluate the diagnostic efficacy of the neutrophil CD64 (nCD64) index, compared to procalcitonin (PCT) and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), for the identification of early sepsis in patients with hematological diseases. METHODS: This was a prospective analysis of patients with hematological diseases treated at the Fuxing Hospital affiliated with Capital Medical University, between March 2014 and December 2018. The nCD64 index was quantified by flow cytometry and the Leuko64 assay software. The factors which may affect the nCD64 index levels were compared between patients with different infection statuses (local infection, sepsis, and no infection), and the control group and the nCD64 index levels were compared among the groups. The diagnostic efficacy of the nCD64 index, PCT, and hs-CRP for early sepsis was evaluated among patients with hematological diseases. RESULTS: A total of 207 patients with hematological diseases (non-infected group, n = 50; locally infected group, n = 67; sepsis group, n = 90) and 26 healthy volunteers were analyzed. According to the absolute neutrophil count (ANC), patients with hematological diseases without infection were divided into the normal ANC, ANC reduced, and ANC deficiency groups. There was no statistically significant difference in the nCD64 index between these three groups (P = 0.586). However, there was a difference in the nCD64 index among the non-infected (0.74 ± 0.26), locally infected (1.47 ± 1.10), and sepsis (2.62 ± 1.60) groups (P < 0.001). The area under the diagnosis curve of the nCD64 index, evaluated as the difference between the sepsis and locally infected group, 0.777, which was higher than for PCT (0.735) and hs-CRP (0.670). The positive and negative likelihood ratios were also better for the nCD64 index than either PCT and hs-CRP. CONCLUSION: Our results indicate the usefulness of the nCD64 index as an inflammatory marker of early sepsis in hematological patients.

Plants impact cellular immunity of caterpillars to an entomovirus.

BACKGROUND: Tri-trophic interactions among plants, insect herbivores and entomopathogens are one of the hot topics in ecology. Although plants have been shown to impact the interactions between herbivores and entomopathogens, it is still unclear how plants affect the cellular immunity of herbivores to entomopathogens. RESULTS: The number of hemocytes and the proportion of two main cell types (granular hemocytes and plasmatocytes), plasmatocyte-spreading rate, apoptosis rate, two Spodoptera exigua caspase (SeCasp-1, SeCasp-5) activities and gene expressions were all higher and the activities and gene expression of S. exigua inhibitor of apoptosis protein (SeIAP) were lower in nucleopolyhedrovirus (NPV)-infected caterpillars fed Ipomoea aquatica than those fed other plants or artificial diet. Scanning electron microscopy images were consistent with molecular patterns of immune responses. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that host plants affect the immune responses of herbivores to entomopathogens by manipulating the composition, morphology and apoptosis of herbivore hemocytes, which sheds light on the mechanisms that allow host plants to influence multi-trophic interactions. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.

Risk assessment of public health emergencies in Zhejiang Province, March 2021 / 预防医学

Objective@#To assess the risk of public health emergencies in Zhejiang Province, March 2021. @*Methods@#An expert counsel was conducted to assess the risk of coronavirus disease 2019 ( COVID-19 ) , enteritis due to norovirus, chicken pox and influenza by professionals in Zhejiang CDC, based on the information from infectious disease and public health emergency surveillance in Zhejiang Province, domestic health administrative departments, World Health Organization, and European CDC. @*Results@#In March 2021, the risk of imported COVID-19 epidemic will be high in Zhejiang Province, and the possibility of local spread could not be ruled out. The possibility of a large-scale outbreak of enteritis due to norovirus and a small-scale outbreak of chickenpox in schools and kindergartens could not be ruled out after the new term begins. An increased risk of influenza epidemic is predicted in collective units such as schools and kindergartens, yet the risk of a large-scale one will be low.@*Conclusion@#High attention should be paid to COVID-19 and enteritis due to norovirus, and general attention should be paid to chicken pox and influenza outbreak.

Effect of HELLP syndrome on acute kidney injury in pregnancy and pregnancy outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: HELLP syndrome may increase adverse pregnancy outcomes, though the incidence of it is not high. At present, the impact of HELLP syndrome on P-AKI (acute kidney injury during pregnancy) and maternal and infant outcomes is controversial. Thus, we conducted a meta-analysis to find out more about the relationship between HELLP syndrome and P-AKI and pregnancy outcomes. METHODS: We systematically searched PubMed, Embassy and Cochrane Databases for cohort studies and RCT to assess the effect of HELLP syndrome on P-AKI and maternal and infant outcomes. Study-specific risk estimates were combined by using fixed-effect or random-effect models. RESULTS: This meta-analysis included 11 cohort studies with a total of 6333 Participants, including 355 cases of pregnant women with HELLP syndrome and 5979 cases that without. HELLP syndrome was associated with relatively higher risk of P-AKI (OR4.87 95% CI 3.31 ~ 7.17, P<0.001), fetal mortality (OR1.56 95% CI 1.45 ~ 2.11, P<0.001) and Maternal death (OR3.70 95% CI 1.72 ~ 7.99, P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: HELLP syndrome is associated with relatively higher risk of P-AKI, fetal mortality and maternal death.

Immunity of an insect herbivore to an entomovirus is affected by different host plants.

BACKGROUND: Interactions between herbivorous insects and entomoviruses may depend on host plant, perhaps mediated through changes in herbivore innate immunity. RESULTS: Caterpillars (Spodoptera exigua) fed Glycine max had high viral loads and low melanization rates together with low melanization enzyme [PO, DDC, TH] activities and gene expressions. Caterpillars fed Ipomoea aquatica had low viral loads and high melanization, gene activities and gene expressions while those fed Brassica oleracea or artificial diet had intermediate levels of each. Melanization rates were negatively correlated with viral loads and positively correlated with activity and expression of each of the three enzymes. Some diet effects on enzymes were constitutive because the same diets led to low (G. max) or high (I. aquatica) melanization related gene activities and expressions without infection. CONCLUSION: Diet influences the interactions between insect herbivores and viruses by shaping the innate immune response both at the onset of infection and afterwards as viral loads accumulate over a period of days. In addition, diets that lead to low viral loads are associated with high activities and gene expressions of a variety of melanization related enzymes suggesting a common causative mechanism. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.

[Clinical Analysis of 24 Acute myeloid Leukemia Patients Aged -over 80 Years].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the clinical features of acute myeloid leukemia patients aged over 80 years. METHODS: The clinical data from 24 cases of acute myeloid leukemia (non-M3) aged over 80 years were analyzed retrospectively. Clinical characteristics, therapeutic efficacy and overall survival rate of the patients received low dose chemotherapy and/or decitabine were compared with that received only supportive care. RESULTS: According to FAB classification, the 10 patients were M2 subtypes (41.7%), the 7 patients were M4 subtypes (29.2%), the 4 patiens were M5 (16.7%), the 3 patients were unclassifed (16.5%). 22 patients (91.0%) were complicated with underling diseases. Among 13 patients received low dose chemotherapy or decitabine, 8 cases (61.5%) achived partial remission or higher remission. The median survival time of patients who reseived chemotherapy was 30 weeks, and signicantly longer than that of patients received supportive care (median survival time was 9 weeks (P<0.05)). The univariated analysis showed that WBC≥50×109/L, ECOG≥2 and received supportive care were unfavonrable prognostic factors for overall survival. CONCLUSION: More than half of patients aged over 80 years who received individudized treatment can achieve partial remission or higher remission, and can have more longer survival time..

Genotypic and Epidemiological Trends of Acute Gastroenteritis Associated with Noroviruses in China from 2006 to 2016.

There are periodical norovirus-associated acute gastroenteritis outbreaks around the world. This study aimed to analyze the molecular and epidemiological features of norovirus infections in China during 2006-2016. We extracted epidemiological data from 132 norovirus outbreaks and the norovirus genotyping for 1291 sequences in China over the past ten years. A total of 132 norovirus outbreaks (8133 cases) were reported in China, where the east and south regions were most affected [47.7% (63/132)]. The highest number of outbreaks occurred in 2015. A seasonal pattern has been observed, with a peak from November to the following March. Most of the outbreaks occurred in middle and primary schools, accounting for 28.8% (38/132), and 28.0% (37/132) of outbreaks, respectively. The dominant age group was 10 to 19 years old, responsible for 75.7% (933/1232) of cases. Generally, the dominant genotypes was GII, for 81.9% (1058/1291) of sequences. G II.4 was the predominant genotype in China from 2004 to 2014. However, the GII.17 became more prevalent starting in 2014. Norovirus-associated acute gastroenteritis increased sharply in recent years caused by the emergence of GII.17, but epidemiological features have not changed during 2006-2016. Vigilant surveillance should be strengthened to promptly detect any variation.

[Study on identification of Sarcandra glabra and Chloranthus spicatus's leaves by PCR amplification of specific alleles].

The paper is aimed to identify SNP in Sarcandra glabra and Chloranthus spicatus, and authenticate S. glabra from Ch. spicatus and the mixture by using PCR amplification of specific alleles. SNPs in the ITS sequences of S. glabra and Ch. spicatus were found by ClustulX 2. 1 program and Bioedit software. Primers for authentic S. glabra and Ch. spicatus was designed according to the SNP site, and ITS sequence universal primers plus to the authentic primer to construct a multi-PCR reaction system, and then optimized the PCR reaction system. Five hundred and eighty band special for S. glabra and 470 bp band special for Ch. spicatus were found by using multi-PCR reaction. The multi-PCR reaction system could be applied to identify S. glabra and Ch. spicatus's leaves.

Clinical evaluation for batch consistency of an inactivated enterovirus 71 vaccine in a large-scale phase 3 clinical trial.

The demonstration of batch-to-batch consistency to confirm the reliability of the manufacturing process has become a mandatory step in vaccine development. This is a post-hoc analysis aimed to provide more solid evidence on the immunogenicity and consistency of 3 consecutive batches of a novel inactivated enterovirus 71 (EV71) vaccine. In total 10 245 healthy Chinese children aged 6-35 months had been recruited and randomized to receive one of 3 batches of EV71 vaccine or placebo according to a two-dose immunization schedule in a phase 3 clinical trial. Blood samples were taken just before and 28 days after vaccinations for serological tests of EV71 neutralizing antibody (NTAb) titer from the subjects. Among them, 7263 (70.9%) subjects with seronegative EV71 NTAb at baseline and the data of serological tests post-vaccination available were included for the analysis. The results showed that EV71 vaccine elicited high geometric mean titers (GMTs) of 407.0 U/mL (95% CI, 373.5-443.6) for batch 1, 468.1 U/mL (95% CI, 432.2-507.0) for batch 2, and 520.6 U/mL (95% CI, 481.2-563.3) for batch 3. The two-sided 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the GMT ratios between each pair of vaccine batches were all within an interval of [0.67, 1.5]. Subjects who received EV71 vaccines demonstrated significant higher GMTs than those received placebos did (P<0.001). In terms of incidence of both local and general adverse reactions, no differences were found among 3 vaccine batches and placebos. EV71 vaccine was highly immunogenic in children, and the 3 consecutive batches were well consistent.

[Genetic relationship and parent selection of some Sarcandra glabra resources based on ISSR].

The study is aimed to assess the genetic diversity and genetic relationship of 18 Sarcandra glabra resources from different populations,and guide parent selection of cross breeding between these resources. The molecular marker technique ISSR was used to investigate the genetic diversity of the 18 resources. Data was analyzed by POPGEN 32, and a cluster diagram was presented by UPGMA. One hundred and ninety-eight amplified fragments were obtained using 23 ISSR primers. One hundred and eighty-four polymorphic loci were identified. Nei's genetic diversity index (h) was 0.32, Shannon diversity index (I) was 0.485 4. The genetic similarity coefficient among the resources ranged from 0.383 8 to 0.878 8 in an average of 0.661 2. The genetic distance between sample S2 and sample S18 was the farthest, so as between sample S3 and sample S18 both Nei's genetic distance was 0.957 5, The genetic distance between sample S4 and sample S5 was the closest, the Nei's genetic distance was 0.129 2,and the sample S1, S2, S3, S7, S10 were significantly different from the others based on the clustering analysis, the three groups S2 vs S3, S2 vs S6, S2 vs S18 were the best parent group selection. There was a middle level of genetic differentiation in the resources. The genetic distance between resources gives useful information to guide parent selection of cross breeding.

Efficacy, safety, and immunology of an inactivated alum-adjuvant enterovirus 71 vaccine in children in China: a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial.

BACKGROUND: A vaccine for enterovirus 71 (EV71) is needed to address the high burden of disease associated with infection. We assessed the efficacy, safety, immunogenicity, antibody persistence, and immunological correlates of an inactivated alum-adjuvant EV71 vaccine. METHODS: We did a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Healthy children aged 6-35 months from four centres in China were randomly assigned (1:1) to receive vaccine or alum-adjuvant placebo at day 0 and 28, according to a randomisation list (block size 30) generated by an independent statistician. Investigators and participants and their guardians were masked to the assignment. Primary endpoints were EV71-associated hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) and EV71-associated disease during the surveillance period from day 56 to month 14, analysed in the per-protocol population. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT01508247. FINDINGS: 10,245 participants were enrolled and assigned: 5120 to vaccine versus 5125 to placebo. 4907 (with three cases of EV71-associated HFMD and eight cases of EV71-associated disease) versus 4939 (with 30 cases of EV71-associated HFMD and 41 cases of EV71-associated disease) were included in the primary efficacy analysis. Vaccine efficacy was 90·0% (95% CI 67·1-96·9) against EV71-associated HFMD (p=0·0001) and 80·4% (95% CI 58·2-90·8) against EV71-associated disease (p<0·0001). Serious adverse events were reported by 62 of 5117 (1·2%) participants in the vaccine group versus 75 of 5123 (1·5%) in the placebo group (p=0·27). Adverse events occurred in 3644 (71·2%) versus 3603 (70·3%; p=0·33). INTERPRETATION: EV71 vaccine provides high efficacy, satisfactory safety, and sustained immunogenicity. FUNDING: China's 12-5 National Major Infectious Disease Program, Beijing Vigoo Biological.

[Differentiation and function of human dendritic cells influenced by heat shock protein gp96 purified from K562 cells].

This study was to establish the method of purifying heat shock protein GP96 from K562 cells and explore the differentiation and function of human DC influenced by heat shock prolein (HSP). Using ammonium sulfate precipitation, conA-sepharose affinity chromatography and DEAE-sephacel anion exchange chromatography GP96 from K562 cells lysate was isolated and purified. The identification of the purified protein was controlled by Western blot with anti-human GP96 IgG. Human dendritic cell derived from peripheral blood mononuclear cell were cultured with purified GP96. The phenotype changes of DC were analyzed by flow cytometry and MLR was detected by MTT. The results showed that 60-80 microg GP96 was purified successfully from 1 x 10(10) K562 cells. DC stimulated with HSP-GP96 had higher expression rates of CD83, CD86, HLA-DR and lower expression rates of CD1a and had stronger ability to induce T cells proliferation. It is concluded that heat shock protein GP96 can be isolated and purified from K562 cells and could induce maturation of dendritic cell. HSP-DC vaccine show stronger ability to induce T cell proliferation than DC.